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 Plant viruses of the Amalgaviridaefamily evolved via recombination between viruses with doublestranded and negativestrand RNA genomes Mart Krupovic,Valerian V Dolja,and Eugene V Koonin Department of Microbiology, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, FranceRNA interference (RNAi) is a genetic regulatory system that functions to silence the activity of specific genes RNAi occurs naturally, through the production of nuclearencoded premicroRNA (premiRNA), and can be induced experimentally, using short segments of synthetic doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) Nonretroviral RNA virus sequences (NRVSs) have been found in the chromosomes of vertebrates and fungi, but not plants Here we report similarly endogenized NRVSs derived from plus, negative, and doublestranded RNA viruses in plant chromosomes

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Can viruses have double stranded rna

Can viruses have double stranded rna-The doublestranded (ds)RNA viruses represent a diverse group of viruses that vary widely in host range (humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria), genome segment number (one to twelve), and virion organization (Tnumber, capsid layers, or turrets) Members of this fascinating group include the rotaviruses, renowned globally as theMonoclonal antibodies to doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) are described for use as a universal diagnostic tool to detect infection in plants by RNA viruses Crude nucleic acid extracts from plants infected with one of 25 different viruses were examined by sandwichELISA and immunoblotting In comparison Monoclonal antibodies to doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) are described for use as a universal diagnostic tool to detect infection in plants by RNA

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HIV1 is a singlestranded RNA retrovirus that uses reverse transcriptase to create a doublestranded DNA copy of its genome which is integrated into the host human's genome prior to making mRNAs (Group VI) The genome structure system classifies both viruses as singlestranded RNA viruses with linear genomesThe prototype of a plant virus with doublestranded DNA is the cauliflower mosaicvirus (CaMV) Doublestranded plant viruses, too, have been considered in genetic engineering It is tried to convert them into vectors in order to put foreign DNA into plant cells similar to the way the plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used RNA silencing functions as a potent antiviral pathway in plant and animal systems 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and is known to be triggered by the accumulation of doublestranded viral

Later, groups of viruses were classified by the type of nucleic acid they contained, DNA or RNA, and whether their nucleic acid was single or doublestranded However, these earlier classification methods grouped viruses differently, because they were based on different sets of characters of the virus When a virus infects a plant cell, it often releases RNA—either in the form of messenger RNA or doublestranded RNA—which travels through the cell, helping the virusA number of RNA plant viruses contain more than just one molecule of RNA per virion ( a common phenomenon in animal viruses, the influenza virus being a typical example) In others, the genome is distributed among several virus particles Case 1 The cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is an example of the first type

The type of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and its structure (single or doublestranded, linear or circular, and segmented or nonsegmented) are used to classify the virus core structures Adenovirus (left) is depicted with a doublestranded DNA genome enclosed in an icosahedral capsid that is 90–100 nm acrossINTRODUCTION Virus infection & replication – A synonym Virus is a nucleoprotein having RNA or DNA as a genetic material RNA or DNA may be ss or ds, ssRNA may be ve or –ve sense Most of plant virus infect a limited number of different plant species and a few have a wide host range Viruses do not produce any kind of reproductive structure, they Plant viruses of the Amalgaviridae family evolved via recombination between viruses with doublestranded and negativestrand RNA

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White streaks Abundance of RBSDV virus genome in different infection phases Doublestranded RNAs of the viral genome were extracted from the same amount of maize leaves infected by RBSDV in different phases, and analysed by 15% agarose gel Lane 1, an abundance of the virus genome in an inoculated leaf when the colour is turning to dark green Zika virus RNA found in freeranging African bats Date New Insights Into 'Plant Memories' New Analytical Tool for Fluorescence Detection of DoubleStranded RNA RNA silencing and antiviral patterntriggered immunity (PTI) both rely on recognition of doublestranded (ds)RNAs as defenceinducing signals While dsRNA recognition by dicerlike proteins during antiviral RNA silencing is thoroughly investigated, the molecular mechanisms involved in dsRNA percepti

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 Viruses can have all sorts of different genomes doublestranded, singlestranded DNA, singlestranded or doublestranded RNA genome—it just depends on the virus DNA and RNA have slightlyArch Virol (09) –572 DOI /s ORIGINAL ARTICLE A novel doublestranded RNA virus detected in Primula malacoides is a plantisolated partitivirus closely related to partitivirus infecting fungal species Liqiang Li Æ Qinghua Tian Æ Zhiyou Du Æ Greg J Duns Æ Jishuang Chen Received 23 November 08 / Accepted 19 February 09 / Published The known plant viruses mostly infect angiosperm hosts and have RNA or small DNA genomes The only other lineage of green plants with a relatively wellstudied virome, unicellular chlorophyte algae, is mostly infected by viruses with large DNA genomes Thus RNA viruses and small DNA viruses seem to completely displace large DNA virus genomes in late

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 When a virus infects a plant, the partially selfcomplementary structures of its genomic RNA, doublestranded RNA intermediates of its replication, and/or doublestranded RNA produced from the viral RNA by host polymerases, become substrates for the production of siRNAs ( 5 ) These siRNAs guide RISCs against invading viral RNASinglestranded RNA is found as the genetic material in plant viruses (turnip yellow mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus), animal viruses (foot and mouth virus), bacteriophages and as nongenetic matter in forms of rRNA and mRNA in other entities Doublestranded RNA takes place as genetic matter in some plant viruses and nongenetic material in the form of tRNA in other entities DoubleStranded DNA Viruses Doublestranded DNA viruses of plants are rare, and only infect lower plants, such as algae These viruses (family Phycodnaviridae) are huge dsDNA viruses with genomes ranging from 160 to 560 kb with up to 600 proteinencoding genes, making them distinctly different from viruses infecting higher plants They are found in aqueous

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Doublestranded RNAs with twonucleotide 3ʹ overhangs and 5ʹmonophosphate and 3ʹhydroxyl termini They are processed from long doublestranded RNA precursors by Dicer Plant and animal genomes encode many siRNAs with complete or extensive sequence complementarity to endogenous mRNA transcripts MicroRNAs (miRNAs) 21–25nucleotide The genetic material of a virus can be either DNA or RNA The viruses that contain DNA as their genetic material are called the DNA viruses RNA viruses, on the other hand, contain RNA as their genetic material DNA viruses are mostly doublestranded while RNA viruses are singlestranded RNA mutation rate is higher than the DNA mutation rateThese viruslike particles had a similar morphology and size as those detected by electron microscopy in the mycelium sections These results suggest that only the Ldoublestranded RNA would be encapsidated Keywords Doublestranded RNA;

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Doublestranded RNA is often a sign of trouble Our transfer RNA and ribosomes do contain little hairpins that are doublestranded, but most of the free forms of RNA, messenger RNA molecules in particular, are single strands Many viruses, however, form long stretches of doublestranded RNA as they replicate their genomes When our cells find The majority of mycoviruses exhibit a doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) genome, which is diagnostic However, a few mycoviruses exhibit singlestranded RNA (ssRNA), doublestranded DNA (dsDNA), or singlestranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes Based on the mode of replication and the type of genome, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses hasNonretroviral RNA virus sequences (NRVSs) have been found in the chromosomes of vertebrates and fungi, but not plants Here we report similarly endogenized NRVSs derived from plus, negative, and doublestranded RNA viruses in plant

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Double Stranded RNA Virus in Giardia Investigators Wang, Ching Institutions University of California San Francisco Start date 1991 End date 01 Objective For the next granting period, we plan to encapsulate drug resistance genes into the viral particles to express foreign gene in all infected trophozoites under drug pressures;RNAi is a naturally occurring cellular defense system mediated by doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) In most eukaryotes, long dsRNA found within a cell is seen as either a source of viral infection or as evidence of transposon activity, both of which the cell will seek to suppressDoubleStranded RNA of the Diagnosis of Citrus and Avocado Viruses J A Do~dds, R L Jordan, J A Heick and S J Tamaki ABSTRACT Until recently presence of homogeneous segments of doublestranded (ds)RNA, corresponding to twice the size of viral genomic ssRNA, in infected plants have been overlooked in plant virus diagnosis

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The occurrence of double stranded RNAs in biological systems was uncovered in a number of experiments in the early 1960s 7–9 Intriguingly all of the biological systems initially found to be sources for double stranded RNA involved virus infectionDoublestranded and negativestrand RNA genomes Mart Krupovic1*, Valerian V Dolja2 and Eugene V Koonin3* Abstract Plant viruses of the recently recognized family Amalgaviridae have monopartite doublestranded (ds) RNA genomes and encode two proteins an RNAdependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and a putative capsid protein (CP) Whereas the Bacterially expressed doublestranded RNAs against hotspot sequences of tobacco mosaic virus or potato virus Y genome have different ability to

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 The virus is a member of the family Chrysoviridae that infect plants and fungi in a persistent manner The extracted doublestranded RNA from 312 maize cobs was converted to cDNA, and sequences were determined using an Illumina HiSeq 00 Most doublestranded DNA viruses replicate within the host cell nucleus, including polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, and herpesviruses—poxviruses, however, replicate in the cytoplasm Adenoviruses and herpes viruses encode their own replication factorsStructure of the reovirus virion The doublestranded (ds)RNA viruses represent a diverse group of viruses that vary widely in host range (humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria ), genome segment number (one to twelve), and virion organization ( Triangulation number, capsid layers, spikes, turrets, etc)

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Many viruses with doublestranded DNA genomes have basic histonelike molecules closely associated with the DNA Some are virusencoded, eg adenovirus polypeptide VII Other viruses utilize cellular proteins, eg the polyomavirus genome assumes a chromatinlike structure in association with four cellular histone proteins, H2A, H2B, H3 & H4, similar to that of the host cell

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